Introduction
“As by this theory, innumerable transitional forms must have existed, why do we not find them embedded in the crust of the earth? Why is all nature not in confusion instead of being as we see them, well-defined species? Geological research does not yield the infinitely many fine gradations between past and present species required by the theory; and this is the most obvious of the many objections which may be argued against it. The explanation lies, however, in the extreme imperfection of the geologic record.”1
No one would argue with the fact that the geological record is much stronger today than it was when Charles Darwin uttered these words over 150 years ago. In 1988, after searching for evidence of evolution for forty years, Nils Heribert-Nilsson wrote, “The fossil material is now so complete that it has been possible to construct new classes, and the lack of transitional series cannot be explained as being due to the scarcity of material. The deficiencies are real; they will never be filled…The idea of an evolution rests on pure belief.”2 Even with the discovery of these deficiencies, the geologic record 150 years ago was plenty strong to discredit the theory of evolution. The earth has had thousands of years of life, resulting in thousands of years of fossils. How many of these fossils have to be uncovered before a transitional form shows up? Common sense says that it is absurd to blame this lack of transitional fossils on an “imperfect geological record.” It seems that Darwin was beginning to realize that his theory did not add up; and instead of admitting to a lack of supporting evidence, he blamed something else.
It would seem that this would be a precursor to teaching the theory of evolution in public schools, but how many are aware that even Charles Darwin knew he did not have the most necessary evidence to prove his theory that species change over time to produce other species? Instead, textbooks are full of drawings that seemingly prove the existence of transitional forms—all of which have been proven false. (This fact will be addressed later, in greater detail.) The truth is, the theory of evolution—though full of holes—has been presented as fact, while creationism has been discounted as fantasy.3
The purpose of this article is to show that the theory of evolution is false and to reveal the trustworthiness of the biblical creation account. Simply put, either the Bible is true or the theory of evolution is true; the one cancels out the other. Richard Dawkins has arrogantly boasted that anyone who believes in Creation is “ignorant, stupid, or insane.”4 There could be nothing further from the truth. This article, however, will prove that science, when done correctly, always affirms the biblical creation account.
What is Evolution?
This article will be addressing macroevolution, not microevolution. Microevolution describes the minor variations within a species (i.e., adaptation). Such adaptation harmonizes with Creation and is scientific because it can be measured and observed. Macroevolution, however, teaches that species gradually change—or evolve—from one species to another. An example of microevolution would be Darwin’s finches. An example of the theory of macroevolution would be a fish turning into a horse. Dr. J.P. Moreland said that macroevolution is, “the general theory that all life arose from nonlife in some prebiotic soup (where chemical reactions plus some form of energy gave rise to the first life), and all life evolved from the first life up to Homo Sapiens.”5
Transitional Forms
The first evidence—or lack thereof—that discredits the theory of evolution is the lack of transitional forms. This lack of evidence was briefly addressed in the introduction, but will now be addressed in greater detail. It has been pointed out that textbooks generally do not mention the significance of the absence of transitional forms in the geologic record. It is quite unfortunate that this absence has been left out. Common sense would alert anyone that it is highly improbable to have uncovered so many fossils, with none of them being a transitional form. Thus, the theory of evolution would be discredited from its inception.
Instead of addressing this lack of evidence discrediting evolution, many textbooks include stories of possible “Missing Links.” The existence of this missing link is necessary if the theory of evolution is to be accepted as truth. After all, evolution teaches that man evolved from apes. If this example of evolution is true, the fossil record should reveal a multitude of transitional forms, especially since it is taught that humans evolved relatively recently, allowing less time for fossil decay.6 Logically, the textbooks had to include these stories of “missing links.” If they did not, they would be less able to promote their theory. A brief examination of each of these missing links will quickly prove that they are still missing.
Nebraska Man was created from a single tooth discovered in Nebraska. Instead of belonging to a “man,” the tooth belonged to an extinct pig. Piltdown Man was a hoax from the beginning. The skull fragment came from a modern human, and the jawbone portion and two teeth came from an orangutan. It was discovered that the construction of Java Man came from widely scattered bones—which turned out to be parts of a human being and a giant gibbon. Peking Man was based on skulls similar to monkeys. They were found with various other animal bones along with tools, so it was assumed that these were man’s ancestors because they used tools. It was discovered that these animals were actually man’s meal, and the tools were used on them, rather than by them. It was determined that the bones of Neanderthal Man came from a modern human who suffered from dietary deficiencies.7 Lucy has also been discredited as a “missing link.” Well-known fossil-anthropologist, Richard Leakey, said that the skull of Lucy is so incomplete that most of it is “imagination made of plaster of paris.”8
Despite the desperation within the community of evolutionists to produce transitional forms, none have been produced. How long can this theory survive before common sense destroys it? A basic understanding of probability reveals that if the theory of evolution were true, it would be absolutely necessary that a transitional form be uncovered by now.
The Law of Probability
The theory of evolution is full of problems concerning probability. Problems are found not only in the lack of transitional forms, but also in the theory that life arose from non-life. According to the Law of Probability, this is impossible. Sir Frederick Hoyle proposed that “the number of trial assemblies of amino acids needed to give rise to the enzymes required for life, and their discovery by random shuffling, turns out to be less than 1 in 1 x 1040,000.”9 Even Richard Dawkins’ criterion for something being impossible is anything over 1 chance in 1 x 1020.10
According to Dawkins, it is acceptable to believe something that contradicts a basic law in your belief system, yet it is unacceptable to believe that the answer is God, who made the laws of nature. Put simply, something cannot come from nothing unless there is a God who can create something from nothing. The remainder of this article will be devoted to giving proof that a Creator did bring everything into existence.
The Law of Cause and Effect
The Law of Cause and Effect states that for every material effect, there had to be a cause. If he wants to remain credible at all, Dawkins has to acknowledge this law. Ben Stein, in his Documentary Expelled, asked him what he thought the possibility that Intelligent Design might turn out to be the answer to some issues in genetics and evolution. Dawkins answered, “Well, it could come about in the following way. It could be that at some earlier time, somewhere in the universe, a civilization evolved, probably by some kind of Darwinian means, probably to a very high level of technology, and designed a form of life that they seeded onto perhaps this planet. Now, um, now that is a possibility, and an intriguing possibility. And I suppose it’s possible that you might find evidence for that. If you look at the details of biochemistry, molecular biology, you might find a signature of some sort of designer.”11 Apparently, Dawkins is talking about aliens. The immediate observation one should have from this statement is that it still does not help him with his problem with the Law of Cause and Effect. If aliens created mankind, who created aliens?
Through observation of Richard Dawkins, it becomes quite apparent that he will believe anything, as long as it does not include the existence of God. Dawkins is fixed in his stance. Unfortunately, this immovable stance of evolutionary scientists ruthlessly forces the indoctrination of this theory into the minds of millions and disallows the introduction of the logical truth that God created everything. The only logical answer to the Law of Cause and Effect is found in Genesis 1:1, “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.”12 The Bible is more valid than any textbook ever written, yet it is the one book that most universities simply will not tolerate.
The Evidence of Design
British astrophysicist, Sir Fred Hoyle, said, “A common sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a super intellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as with chemistry and biology, and that there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature. The numbers one calculates from the facts seem to me so overwhelming as to put this conclusion almost beyond question.”
When common sense is evoked, the biblical account of creation truly is beyond question. To say that such an intricate universe is the product of chance would be similar to looking at a grandfather clock and assuming that it came together by chance. No logical, rational person would think such a thing about a clock because of the intricate design of the clock. However, which is more detailed? A clock or a giraffe? How could anyone say that a clock has a designer, yet a giraffe came together by chance? The giraffe truly is a marvelous specimen, an examination of which provides evidence that disputes the theory of evolution.
The Giraffe
The design of the giraffe is mind-boggling. Studying this animal single-handedly disproves evolution because it had to be created as a fully functional and unique animal.13 A mature bull giraffe is around eighteen feet tall. In order to pump blood up its long neck, this animal needs a very large heart so powerful that, as he bends down for a drink, the blood pressure could easily burst the blood vessels in his brain.14 Giraffes need a functional brain and have to drink water to survive. A dead giraffe cannot evolve.
God created the giraffe with a protective mechanism to close the valves in some of the arteries in its neck as it bends down for a drink.15 As blood beyond the last valve continues moving toward the brain, it is collected by a group of vessels similar to a sponge. This design could create another problem. If he is startled and has to quickly lift his neck, the lack of blood flow to his brain would cause him to pass out, possibly leading to his being a lion’s lunch. Again, a dead giraffe cannot evolve.
However, our Creator designed the giraffe with another protective mechanism. When the giraffe lifts his head, the “sponge” squeezes its blood into the brain; the veins in the neck contain some valves, which shut to help level out the blood pressure, and the giraffe can quickly be up and running without passing out.16 Does this sound like the product of chance or of a brilliant Designer? It is quite obvious that a giraffe had to have been created with all of its complex features fully functional.
Romans 1:20 says, “For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse.” People want proof. The proof is in the design and is “clearly seen, being understood from what has been made.” Evolutionists look at the giraffe and say that it evolved from a lesser creature; they say it developed these mechanisms, little by little. Such an idea seems preposterous when one studies the intricate details that went into the design of the giraffe. These details dispute the theory of evolution.
The giraffe had to have been made, fully functional, or it would have never survived. Evolution basically says that when a need arises in an organism, mindless, random chance processes provide exactly what the organism needs to alter and improve it so that it will survive.17 How does a giraffe know it needs all of these mechanisms? A dead giraffe cannot evolve. This is a very simple concept. As the Apostle Paul said, “men are without excuse,” but that does not mean they will not make them anyway.
The Moral Law
The final category that this article will address is the moral law, written on the hearts of every human being (Romans 2:14-15). No one can argue that man is a moral being, yet evolution has no answer for where man has developed this sense. C.S. Lewis said, “This rule of Right and Wrong…must somehow or other be a real thing—a thing that is really there, not made up by ourselves…It begins to look as if we shall have to admit that there is more than one kind of reality; that, in this particular case, there is something above and beyond the ordinary facts of men’s behaviour, and yet quite definitely real—a real law, which none of us made, but which we find pressing on us.”18
How does the existence of a moral law prove the biblical creation account? This moral law had to come from somewhere. Did it come from mindless, random chance processes or did it come from a Source of morality? As it has been shown, an object or organism revealing evidence of design supports the existence of a Designer. If the design exhibits intelligence, then obviously the Designer must have intelligence. Likewise, if the design exhibits morality, its Designer must be moral. And if this Designer is moral, then He has to be just. That explains why mankind, though without excuse, has come up with one thing after another that cancels out the existence of God.
Conclusion
Lewis also said that “human beings, all over the earth, have this curious idea that they ought to behave in a certain way” and “they do not in fact behave in that way. They know the Law of Nature/ they break it. These two facts are the foundation of all clear thinking about ourselves and the universe we live in.”19 This is the core reason that so many do not want to accept the existence of a designer. They know that there is a God, that He has given a standard, and that they have broken that standard. However, instead of humbling themselves and surrendering to Him, they justify their behavior by “disproving” His existence.
This article has given ample evidence to refute evolution and to prove the biblical account of creation. Not only were humans fearfully and wonderfully made by a Creator, but His glory is seen in all of creation. He has set certain laws of nature, all of which point to His majestic hand in creation.
It is no surprise that creation is not allowed to be taught in our schools. When true science is presented, evolution does not stand a chance. Even a child can see this. It might be said better that especially a child can see this. Unfortunately, far too many have become over-educated, blinding them to the truth of our Creator. This writer suggests that deep down, most evolutionists know the truth but choose to suppress it.
CITATIONS
1 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, 6th ed. (London: John Murray, 1872), 49.
2 Nils Heribert-Nilsson, Synthetische Artbildting (Lund: CWK Gleerup, 1953), 1185
3 Neil Campbell, Biology 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Benjamin/Cummings, 1990), 434.
4 Richard Dawkins, “‘Book Review’ of Donald Johanson and Maitland Edey’s Blueprint,” The New York Times, April 9, 1989, section 7.
5 J.P. Moreland, Scaling the Secular City: A Defense of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 1987), 220.
6 Mark Cahill, One Heartbeat Away (Rockwall: BDM Publishing, 2005), 38.
7 Mark Cahill, One Heartbeat Away (Rockwall: Biblical Discipleship Publishing, 2005), 38-39.
8 Richard Leakey, The Weekend Australian, May 7-8, 1983, 3.
9 Fredrick Hoyle and Chandra Wikramasinghe, Evolution from Space (London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1981), 24.
10 Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design, (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1996), 146.
11 Kevin Miller, Ben Stein, and Walt Ruloff, Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed, DVD, Directed by Nathan Frankowski (Salt Lake City: Rocky Mountain Pictures, 2008).
12 Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture citations will be from the New International Version ©1984.
13 Bob Devine, God in Creation (Chicago: Moody Press, 1982), 35-37.
14 Jobe Martin, The Evolution of a Creationist (Rockwall: Biblical Discipleship Publishers, 2002), 131.
15 Jobe Martin, The Evolution of a Creationist (Rockwall: Biblical Discipleship Publishers, 2002), 132.
16 Jobe Martin, The Evolution of a Creationist (Rockwall: Biblical Discipleship Publishers, 2002), 132.
17 Jobe Martin, The Evolution of a Creationist (Rockwall: Biblical Discipleship Publishers, 2002), 209.
18 C.S. Lewis, Mere Christianity (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1952), 20.
19 C.S. Lewis, Mere Christianity (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1952), 8.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Cahill, Mark. One Heartbeat Away. Rockwall: BDM Publishing, 2005.
Campbell, Neil. Biology 2nd ed. San Francisco: Benjamin/Cummings, 1990.
Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species, 6th ed. London: John Murray, 1872.
Dawkins, Richard. The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1996.
Devine, Bob. God in Creation. Chicago: Moody Press, 1982.
Heribert-Nilsson, Nils. Synthetische Artbildting. Lund: CWK Gleerup, 1953.
Hoyle, Fredrick and Chandra Wikramasinghe. Evolution from Space. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1981.
Lewis, C.S.. Mere Christianity. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1952.
Martin, Jobe. The Evolution of a Creationist. Rockwall: Biblical Discipleship Publishers, 2002.
Moreland, J.P.. Scaling the Secular City: A Defense of Christianity. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 1987.
Periodicals
Dawkins, Richard. “‘Book Review’ of Donald Johanson and Maitland Edey’s Blueprint.” The New York Times, April 9, 1989, section 7.
Leakey, Richard. The Weekend Australian, May 7-8, 1983.
Electronic Documents
Miller, Kevin, and Ben Stein and Walt Ruloff. Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. DVD. Directed by Nathan Frankowski. Salt Lake City: Rocky Mountain Pictures, 2008.